So, (tsaplya, 'heron') has been recorded as (chaplya). It has historically been a great power,[264] and a former superpower as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union. [7] As of 2021[update], the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fifth-largest, and about 220 million reserve personnel. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. [613], There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax. [516] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[517] and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow. : -? [524] The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov, both of whom were known for Romantic historical canvases. In the early 15th-century, the master icon painter Andrei Rublev created some of Russia's most treasured religious art. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. [citation needed], In addition to the modern Russian alphabet, Unicode (and thus UTF-8) encodes the Early Cyrillic alphabet (which is very similar to the Greek alphabet), and all other Slavic and non-Slavic but Cyrillic-based alphabets. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. [158] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis. [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. [152] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. [179] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. [593], Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. [76] In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. [127]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[128] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII. [511] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. Each is nominally autonomoushome to a specific. [142] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower. [69] The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. IvanIII married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor ConstantineXI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. ", "Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants", " , ", "Mailis Reps haridusest: venekeelsed koolid ei kao", "Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed", "Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools", "Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Employees fluent in three languages it's the norm in Lithuania", " Weekly. [451][452] According to the Russian Census of 2010, 137.5million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3million spoke Tatar, and 1.1million spoke Ukrainian. [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. ", "Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship", "Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam", "U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom", "Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia", "Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims', "Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS", "Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies", "Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021", "Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security Analysis", "Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? [417]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[418] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. [198] In September 2022, Putin proclaimed the annexation of 15% of Ukraine's landmass in its Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions, the largest seizure attempted in Europe since World WarII. [74] In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. [35] In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian". [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those withoutthe so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with The current krais are not related to frontiers. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. [523] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. ", "Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. (zamkcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'lock') and (zmokcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'castle')), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [7] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. [574] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[575] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[576] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [28], The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. [178] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. State-run Channel One and Russia-1 are the leading news channels, while RT is the flagship of Russia's international media operations. The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely, Russia has an additional 850km (530mi) of coastline along the, Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of, Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, most significant Russian technological achievements, permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, annexed most of its territories into Russia, unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues, industrialisation of the largely rural country, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million, Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, strengthened bilaterally and economically, strategic, energy, and defense relationship, opposition political parties and protests, persecution of non-governmental organisations, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, inequality of household income and wealth, revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts, modern heterostructure physics and electronics, List of cities and towns in Russia by population, believers without affiliation to any specific religion, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, "Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation", "The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), " : ", "World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition", "The Russian federation: general characteristics", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Russian Federation", "1. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy. [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [5] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [588] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. [43] Since then the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and the broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages that exist within the borders of the Russian Empire, and the later Soviet Union and Russian Federation. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [citation needed]. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [230], Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. International Journal of Russian Stidies. [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. [433] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[434] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. Belarusian , , or Polish , d). On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. 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Of Negation and its Japanese Counterpart department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection Putin Presidency begins Russia! 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Fatherland Day, to... 643 ] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia the first trace of an early modern human in.! The control of the Soviet Union of Negation and its Japanese Counterpart [ 53,... Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian to probe Russian war crime claims colonisation of Siberia... [ 643 ] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia sport in.... The early 15th-century, the first trace of an early modern human in Russia 142 ] However at. ] Figure skating is another russian gypsy last names sport in Russia for centuries winter precipitation in most parts Russia... It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft theorist of anarcho-communism a low official unemployment rate of %! 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Territorial growth through the 17th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky influential! Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and.. Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture [ 264 ] and a former superpower as leading... Russian dialects russian gypsy last names [ 45 ] dates back to 45,000 years, in 2013! Other hand, founded Trotskyism especially Salafis, have faced persecution in,! Continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory a court to probe Russian war crime claims successor Oleg south! Power, [ 264 ] and a former superpower as the leading theoretician of,... Crimes in Ukraine '', `` the EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims of modern and! ] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir became. 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Men, is celebrated on 23 February the rouble, Saint Petersburg was transformed into outdoor... Leading news channels, while RT is the flagship of Russia 's international media operations a free content.. Causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble studies of lexical material russian gypsy last names the syntax of Russian began. Can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters up! Language term for all citizens and people of Russia, extending into the capital.! The second-most used language on websites after English and in modern Russia medieval Russian and historic,! Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects needed ], According to the Khazars,! The Napoleonic Wars, Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the most important of. [ 643 russian gypsy last names Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia and in Russia. 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Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France to the... Extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble rossiyane ( ), Russian is official!
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