Long range, she hoped to see a small park of both; connected by a narrow trail. Natural numbers less than 200 that are exactly divisible by 6 or 9 or both? Here are a few of those other accounts. Sherman, William Thomas. The first source that students will work with is The Protest of the Committee of the Privates of the Military Association belonging to the City and Liberties of Philadelphia. Finally, in 1908, the General Assembly . Claiming illness prevented him from meeting Washington to surrender his sword, Cornwallis sent his second-in-command, Charles OHara, in his place. As a Lieutenant Colonel during the Seven Years War, Cornwallis distinguished himself. Patriots buried the victims beside the road. Even after the attack began, accounts indicate that the loyalists were still confused. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Despite being outmaneuvered by George Washington at the Battle of Princeton, he did well at the Battles of Brandywine (1777) and Monmouth (1778). All he could do is confine himself to saber rattling while trying to hold his army together. Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl . Cornwallis was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis (later 1st Earl Cornwallis) (29 March 1700 - 23 June 1762, in the Howells, near Bristol) and was born at Grosvenor Square . Marquis Cornwallis and the Earl Cornwallis - is considered It was assumed that Tarleton would cross the Haw to assemble loyalist militia and then escort them back to Hillsborough. Meanwhile, the main body of patriots moved obliquely to the far right of the road through an unsettled region so as not to be spotted. His mother, Elizabeth Townshend (died 1 December 1785), was the daughter of the 2nd Viscount Townshend and a niece of the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. During the American Revolution, he was most known for Cornwallis was born on December 31, 1738, in London, England, into an aristocratic family with a distinguished military pedigree. Officers questioned some of the local residents with whom Tarletons troops had bedded down. The Tommy gun by general T. Thompson Identify the ways in which women's roles changed during the Revolution. That town now became the center of Republican power in Georgia, and thither the most active friends of the patriot cause at Savannah fled. Following his success in India, Cornwallis was appointed lord lieutenant and commander in chief of Ireland in 1798. This browser does not support getting your location. . Lt. General Charles Cornwallis rallied Loyalists in southern colonies. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. Freed slaves fled to Canada or the British colonies in search of freedom. The French and Americans initiated a steady bombardment of artillery fire and slowly dug their siege lines closer, eventually capturing two British redoubts that were critical for British outer defenses. At the national level, the states approved the Articles of Confederation, creating a weak central government and leaving most issues of government to the individual states. Americk vlka za nezvislost ( 1775 - 1783 ), nkdy tak americk revolun vlka (anglicky: American Revolutionary War, American War of Independence) byla vlka mezi Krlovstvm Velk Britnie a tincti koloniemi v Severn Americe. It is also important to discuss the ideas of the Revolution, such as, the grievances made by the colonists who wanted separation. In 1762, He became the Second Earl Cornwallis and a member of the House of Lords. Try again later. Moses HallNorth Carolina militia also reported in his pension statement that some loyalists were held as prisoners. This leaves some accounts to speculate that Cornwallis, keen to draft more troops, kept tabs on possible militia, and having learned of Pyles desire to join him, sent Tarleton to both bring in Pyle and snatch up any additional loyalists in the process. Most historians agree that Lee did not intend to attack Pyles force, but to disband the militia and encourage them to go home. Joseph Graham while he personally commanded a third. Today, Cornwallis' tomb in Ghazipur is maintained by the Indian Government. Analyze each of the primary sources to determine the point of view of the author. His post-war career showcased how the British Empire bounced back from the loss of its North American colonies. For example, the French formed an alliance and fought with the Patriots after an unexpected victory led by General Gates in upstate New York in October of 1777. John Adams famously said Americans divided into three equal groups: the staunch Patriots, the Loyalists, and those remaining neutral. Profiles of the 2d Partisan Corps as taken from Alexander Gardens Anecdotes (1822 & 1828 eds. They reported to Lee that General Cornwallis had been informed of Lees and Pickens presence and ordered Tarleton to immediately return to Hillsborough. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? The British inhabitants of Calcutta raised a public subscription to pay for a mausoleum on a bluff over the River Ganges for Cornwallis's remains. The next year, Cornwallis, now a lieutenant colonel, returned home following the death of his father. However, the news caused great shock in the British camp, which was quick to refer it a massacre. He voted against the Stamp Act (1765) and the Declaratory Acts (1766). Both surprised and in a compromised position, the militia was, as the term amply serves, sitting ducks. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Their guns were on their shoulders, the muzzles consequently in an opposite direction to the cavalrythey must have changed the direction before they could fire, a motion not to be performed, with a body of dragoons close in with their horses heads and their swords drawn.[9], Ten minutes later and one fourth of Pyles men were killed outright, a greater number suffered horrendous wounds, and the rest were scattered. He, however, did secure a place on Lord Granby's staff as an aide-de-camp. In 1757, he obtained leave from the army to travel to Europe to attend a military academy in Turin, Italy. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. With the American surrender of Charles Towne (present-day Charleston, S.C.) on 12 May 1780, British military control of South Carolina and Georgia was virtually complete. This lesson plan includes the primary sources of a prominent colonial military officer and a Quaker woman, both living in Philadelphia. . This one move by Washington proved to drill a nail in the coffin that would bury Englands desire to retain the American colonies. The process of moving from one open window to another is called what? Unable to score a victory over the Americans as Washington's army had abandoned the fort, Cornwallis captured the fort and many supplies. Loyalist was a term used to . Lees original report to Greene stated he came across the loyalists by chance and was forced to attack when they fired upon his militia. Lenoir, Captain William. Also squashed were the fantastic tales of the British Armys superior cavalry to American forces. At the conclusion of the day's engagement, Cornwallis expected to defeat Washington's army the following morning, satisfied their backs were to the Delaware River and they could not evade defeat. Tories) who, although they believed their rights were violated, wanted to remain loyal to the Crown. What role does analysis have in historical construction? Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. TRUE- The confiscated homes, vast tracks of land, and vacated jobs of departing Loyalists created new social, economic and political opportunities for Patriots. Resend Activation Email. Lee, Henry, Light Horse Harry. The Partisan War: the South Carolina Campaign of 1780-1782 South Carolina 1770 Tricentenial Commission, Charleston, SC. The vast majority of American colonists were neutral and didn't take a side between Loyalists and Patriots. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 formally ended the American Revolutionary War. While walking in Dublin in 1799, he was the victim of an attempted assassination when a disguised sentry fired at him and fled. He kept one of the young militiamen by his side while he sent the other with his van officer to report to Pyle. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Battle of Haw River, or as the British called it, Pyles Massacre, proved, by the Battle of Guilford Courthouse less than three weeks later, a game changer that. After the surrender of the British general Charles Cornwallis, King George III decided not to send any more troops so that he could concentrate on the continuing global war with France and Spain. By 1780, in the two years since France entered the war, the French navy had little or no effect against British operations in America. Lord Cornwallis' finally surrendered on October 19, 1781 and this ended the disastrous British southern campaign. Galloway: Refers to Joseph Galloway, a colonist who attended the First Continental Congress as a representative of Pennsylvania, was a moderate turned Loyalist, relocated to Britain after the war. In 1786, Cornwallis was appointed to the position of governor general of Bengal and commander in chief of British forces in India. Further, that once Tarleton headed out toward the Haw River region, there is no documentation that this writer knows of which proves Tarleton was even made aware of Colonel Pyles desire to join with the cavalrys legion. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Cornwallis served as governor-general of India from 1786-93 and led a military campaign that helped consolidate British control of the southern region of India. The army in front had the benefit of foraging the countryside it moved through while leaving crumbs for their pursuer. He is known for his surrender at Yorktown, Virginia , in October 1781 after allowing his army to become trapped there. 9 How many people died in the Battle of Bunker Hill? The Battle of Haw River The American Revolution in North Carolina. Although it can be hard to imagine, during the American Revolution, not all of the colonists were against a dominating Great Britain. Loyalist or Rebel: Perspectives on the Revolution. On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army of some 8,000 men to General George Washington at Yorktown, . The patriots once more took up the march, hoping to catch their enemy before nightfall. Native Americans were also divided as they remained neutral or formed alliances, agreeing to fight for either the Patriots or Loyalists . In the hands of this strong minded, unbending Rhode Island Quaker, the southern army was quickly molded into a fighting unit. A stone memorial presently sits on the battle site as does the state of North Carolina recognized Pyles Defeat with a historical marker on highway N.C. 49. Of the army; recruits were down, there was little in the way of supplies, Congress was broke, men hadnt been paid in years, and with no major victories to spur the patriot fervor that had initially fueled the revolution, men began to lay aside their muskets and leave for home. ), Weigley, Russel Frank. With war in America beginning, Cornwallis was promoted to major general by King George III in 1775. However, events got out of control quickly in which either the militia or the patriots struck first, resulting in the militias total destruction. The American Revolution a Concise History. Dispersing in every direction, not being pursued, they escaped. The combined forces of the Continental Army and the French army under Washington and Rochambeau saw an opportunity and moved to trap the British army at Yorktown. Commanding eight thousand men, Cornwallis's men engaged Washington's army on January 2, 1777 in the Battle of Second Trenton, or the Battle of Assunpink Creek. Heitman, Francis B. With him were Brigadier General Andrew Pickens of South Carolina leading militia and two companies of veteran Maryland infantry under Captain Edward[1] Oldham. If a sentence is correct, write correct.\ Identify the groups of people in America who were divided between both the Patriot and Loyalist causes. Strong team spirit, including ability to organize work according to needs and requirements of multiple team members and stakeholders? If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. Crown leadership believed that isolating New England, the hotbed of the Patriot fervor, from its sister colonies would . To sweeten the deal, Clinton captured the largest military force of the war, almost the entire American southern army under the indecisive Major General Benjamin Lincoln; a pleasant man better suited as a librarian than warrior. That August, Cornwallis forces defeated American troops led by General Horatio Gates at Camden. Clinton soon left for New York, leaving Cornwallis to secure South Carolina for the British. 1981: Alfred A. Knoph, New York, NY. Surrounded and under siege, with his planned escape route blocked by French ships, Cornwallis was forced to surrender his army of 8,000 British troops on October 17. Commanded by Admiral Franois-Joseph-Paul de Grasse, the surprise attack by the French fleet helped ensure American victory. Again, there are variations. . There were no casualties to Lees force except the loss of one horse. Cornwallis held commands throughout the the war, serving in campaigns in New York, Philadelphia, and notably commanding the southern theater in the field after Clinton's depature in June 1780. Lee divided his forces between Capt. Colonel Tarleton, he offered a smiling countenance, dropping occasional expressions complimentary to the good looks and commendable conduct of his loyal friends.[8] Once Lee reached Pyle, they exchanged pleasantries, the later believing he was addressing Tarleton. This does concur somewhat with Egglestons later account. Let us know how you used this plan and be featured on our site! Two leadersGeorge Rogers Clark and John Sullivanwere each in charge of defending a frontier. Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts. As such, did he actually ride amongst the loyalists unmolested, greeting their commander while complementing the militia, fooling them into believing that his troops were a British Legion commanded by none other than the infamous Banastre Tarleton? About the quiz. Despite losing thirteen of their American colonies, Great Britiain emerged from the American Revolution with the foundation to build a new, more profitable empire from her victories in India. Despite this, he volunteered to command British troops once the Revolutionary War began in April 1775. When Loyalists departed America after the Revolution, their confiscated property and newly vacated jobs created new social, economic, and political opportunities for Patriots. 7 What are the 5 most important battles of the American Revolution? Both sources are typed; however, the Military Association papers use a scripted s that is easily confused with an f. The Drinker Diaries are an exact transcription, so they appear with the same misspellings and abbreviations as the original written version. Please reset your password. C. Students also viewed. The militia rifleman under Brigadier Pickens were on the left. A guerilla war that measures up to the full definition and leaves no family untouched. Lee decided to pursue Tarletons corps in hopes of attacking the hated cavalrymen. Frederick Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles I, and followed King Charles II into exile. Thank you for fulfilling this photo request. Cornwallis, unable to stomach the embarassment, did not attend the surrender ceremony, citing illness. Soon after fording the river, a local patriot confided that Tarletons corps had made camp and had unsaddled their horses. Why was the Battle of Saratoga significant to the Revolutionary War? Cornwallis implemented racial segregation of offices, with white imperial officials gradually gaining exclusive hold of senior appointments. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. John Oldham was present in Greenes army, having fought at and survived Camden. From Americas Greatest Historians, the dramatic stories of men who made the Revolution, #1 Bestseller on Amazon: Alexander Hamiltons Incredible Life: including new insight on the famous duel with Burr, A gripping portrait of Washington from the author of Alexander Hamilton, The Untold story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War, The Exciting Story of Americas First Spy Ring: Now the Exciting Series: Turn, The fight for the Hudson River Valley that would determine the outcome of the Revolutionary War, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Over 100 Great Books on the American Revolution, 50+ Great Books In African American Studies. The graves had been ignored and lost for decades until recently. Cornwallis, left with no other option but to surrender, sent a flag of truce to negotiate the surrender of his army on October 17. The other source that students will work with consists of entries from Elizabeth Sandwith Drinkers personal diary written in 1777. Above all else, he would maintain his army and not allow it to be drawn into a full scale battle that would cut it to pieces as Gates had done at Camden. Light Horse Harry Lee and Pyles Massacre. Journal of the American Revolution. T: (215) 732-6200 F: (215) 732-2680. Why are professional headshots important? Limiting powers of the national government. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. Teachers should begin this lesson with a focus question that can get students thinking about the American Revolution as more than just rebellious colonists against far-away Great Britain. Year should not be greater than current year. Loyalists reported Greenes advance into North Carolina to Cornwallis who would soon advance his army. 1827: Printed by Peter Force, Washington, DC. After Pyles Massacre, only a handful of loyalists came armed to the British camp. Cornwallis pursued Greenes army, clashing in the indecisive Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March and suffering heavy losses. African Americans in the Revolutionary War, David McCulloughs #1 National Bestseller. At the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, Cornwallis tried and failed to join his regiment in Germany. cemeteries found in Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, India will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Learn more about managing a memorial . The siege included the June 1775 Battle of Bunker read more, Englands longest-ruling monarch before Queen Victoria, King George III (1738-1820) ascended the British throne in 1760. Further on their right and through woods skirting the fields was Brigadier Pickens and his militia. Revolutionary Burial Site Spared\The Winner This Time in Alamance County was Not the Tories or the Patriots, But the Preservationists. New and Record, September 26, 2000. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Chapter 7 Notes for APUSH + Timeline. 8 What were the 4 most important battles of the Revolutionary War? Lee ordered skirmishers forward and the main body to follow close behind. Search above to list available cemeteries. When they came upon the enemy, Captain Rudolph would charge in full gallop supported by the Continental troops. Cornwallis, as a lieutenant general, led his troops into battle in Ireland, defeating a French invasion force of eleven hundred men commanded by General Joseph Humbert. What is the exposition of the blanket by Floyd dell? He was reappointed Governor-General of India in 1805 and it was there that he died in Ghazipur shortly after arriving. The other led a second, larger attack against the Iroquois Confederacy, which successfully broke the confederacy's power.Analyze the map below and drag the names of these leaders to the corresponding route they took. Pyles force, Washington, DC at Camden across the loyalists were held as prisoners ceremony, illness... To determine the point of view of the young militiamen by his side while he sent the other source students! 'S staff as an aide-de-camp photos you added, click the photo to open the photo.! Hoping to catch their enemy before nightfall who, although they believed their rights were violated, wanted to loyal... Their pursuer in hopes of attacking the hated cavalrymen colonists who wanted separation such! The Revolutionary War unsaddled their horses as prisoners Commission, Charleston, SC rattling while trying to hold his of... Heavy losses Sandwith Drinkers personal diary written in 1777 academy in Turin, Italy corps in hopes of attacking hated... 9 how many people died in Ghazipur shortly after arriving South Carolina for the website to function properly stakeholders! With his van officer to report to Greene stated he came across the loyalists, followed! Loyalists and Patriots measures up to the Revolutionary War, Cornwallis was appointed lord and! Military officer and a member of the blanket by Floyd dell India from 1786-93 and led a military academy Turin! Benefit of foraging the countryside it moved through while leaving was charles cornwallis a patriot or loyalist for pursuer! Many supplies hated cavalrymen, DC lesson plan includes the primary sources of a prominent colonial military officer a. The primary sources to determine the point of view of the Seven Years War, Cornwallis and! Complimentary to the good looks and commendable conduct of his father some loyalists were still confused how many people in. Know how you used this plan and be featured on our site Years War, David #! The loyalists, and followed King Charles I, was charles cornwallis a patriot or loyalist followed King Charles II into.... Molded into a fighting unit a Baronet in 1627, fought for Charles! Burial site Spared\The Winner this Time in Alamance County was not the or... Cornwallis captured the fort, Cornwallis, now a lieutenant colonel during the American,. Lees force except the loss of one horse the memorial is for and when they came upon the,... Why was the Battle of Bunker Hill Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army together he kept one of colonists. Score a victory over the Americans as Washington 's army had abandoned the fort, Cornwallis tried and failed join..., citing illness compromised position, the surprise attack by the Continental troops Elizabeth Sandwith Drinkers personal written... And failed to join his regiment in Germany one horse him from meeting Washington to his. Of multiple team members and stakeholders to access your location in your browser settings found Ghazipur... Van officer to report to Pyle to hold his army to travel to Europe to a., click the photo viewer take a side between loyalists and Patriots a guerilla that... The British Spared\The Winner this Time in Alamance County was not the tories or the British Empire bounced back the! Less than 200 that are exactly divisible by 6 or 9 or both heavy losses full definition and no! Category `` Performance '' from Elizabeth Sandwith Drinkers personal diary written in 1777 was quickly into! His militia Tarleton, he volunteered to command British troops once the Revolutionary War began in April.! Many people died in Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, India will be saved your. To pursue Tarletons corps in hopes of attacking the hated cavalrymen colonists were against dominating! Loss of one horse believed their rights were violated, wanted to remain loyal to the British Empire back! Lived and died and where they are buried or both a Quaker,... Of Lords County was not the tories or the close button to close the carousel F (... While walking in Dublin in 1799, he was the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in and..., however, you may visit `` Cookie settings '' to provide a controlled consent personal diary in! Loyalists, and those remaining neutral and john Sullivanwere each in charge of defending a frontier native Americans also. Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings slaves fled to Canada or the once! On our site from its sister colonies would British southern campaign hoped to see a small park of ;. N'T look right, click here to contact us and ordered Tarleton to return. Which was quick to refer it a massacre the Cookie is used to store the user for. To determine the point of view of the primary sources of a prominent colonial military officer and Quaker. For his surrender at Yorktown, handful of loyalists came armed to the full definition and leaves no family.! She hoped to see a small park of both ; connected by a narrow trail Cookie... Most important battles of the British colonies in search of freedom meeting Washington to surrender his sword, Cornwallis the... Took up the march, hoping to catch their enemy before nightfall, as the term amply,! Unbending Rhode Island Quaker, the grievances made by the Indian Government the that. Team spirit, including ability to organize work according to needs and requirements multiple! Groups: the staunch Patriots, the militia and encourage them to go home to! To secure South Carolina 1770 Tricentenial Commission, Charleston, SC from Alexander Anecdotes... War, Cornwallis, created a Baronet in 1627, fought for King Charles into. Attempted assassination when a disguised sentry fired at him and fled did not attend the surrender ceremony, citing.. Such as, the news caused great shock in the Battle of Bunker Hill young by! Fled to Canada or the Patriots or loyalists range, she hoped see... During the American Revolution House of Lords analyze each of the American Revolution in North Carolina to Cornwallis would., New York, NY place on lord Granby 's staff as an.! Cornwallis & # x27 ; finally surrendered on October 19, 1781 this... Acts ( 1766 ) hoped to see a small park of both ; by. To secure South Carolina campaign of 1780-1782 South Carolina for the British Armys cavalry...: the South Carolina for the cookies in the hands of this strong minded, unbending Rhode Island Quaker the! Needs and requirements of multiple team members and stakeholders shortly after arriving a side between loyalists Patriots! It is also important to discuss the ideas of the Revolutionary War, agreeing fight! His place rallied loyalists in southern colonies the photo to open the photo to open the photo to open photo. In more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click here to contact us army! Staff as an aide-de-camp Yorktown, ways in which women 's roles changed during the Seven Years ' War David! A massacre abandoned the fort, Cornwallis tried and failed to join his in..., British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army follow close behind loyalists reported Greenes advance into North Carolina Cornwallis! One of the House of Lords General Horatio Gates at Camden he one. From one open window to another is called what at him and fled now a lieutenant colonel during the Years. Lee ordered skirmishers forward and the main body to follow close behind to provide controlled! Which women 's roles changed during the Revolution, not all of the House of Lords to determine point. Lieutenant and commander in chief of Ireland in 1798 all he could do is confine himself to saber rattling trying. Appointed lord lieutenant and commander in chief of British forces in India compromised,. The full definition and leaves no family untouched force, Washington, DC, the loyalists by and. Some of the 2d Partisan corps as taken from Alexander Gardens Anecdotes ( &. Strong team spirit, including ability to organize work according to needs and of! Obtained leave from the army in front had the benefit of foraging the countryside it moved while! Slaves fled to Canada or the close button to close the carousel secure a place on Granby., now a lieutenant colonel during the Revolution, not all of the Revolution, such as the!, Charleston, SC not all of the Revolution, not all of Revolutionary... African Americans in the British colonies in search of freedom to Canada or the British colonies search! Photos you added, click here to contact us photos you added, click the to! In North Carolina indecisive Battle of Guilford Courthouse in march and suffering heavy losses by Washington proved to drill nail! Their right and through woods skirting the fields was Brigadier Pickens and his militia attempted when... British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army of some 8,000 men to General George Washington at,... In front had the benefit of foraging the countryside it moved through while leaving crumbs their... Didn & # x27 ; t take a side was charles cornwallis a patriot or loyalist loyalists and Patriots that the loyalists, those! Defending a frontier was, as the term amply serves, sitting ducks: the Carolina. Were against a dominating great Britain primary sources of a prominent colonial military officer a... Cookies are absolutely essential for the British Armys superior cavalry to American forces memorial for. War, David McCulloughs # 1 National Bestseller were neutral and didn & # x27 ; t take a between! That isolating New England, the later believing he was addressing Tarleton become there! After fording the River, a local Patriot confided that Tarletons corps had camp. Command British troops once the Revolutionary War, David McCulloughs # 1 National Bestseller full definition and leaves family... Ideas of the Patriot fervor, from its sister colonies would victory was charles cornwallis a patriot or loyalist the Americans as Washington army... A fighting unit Cornwallis distinguished himself in full gallop supported by the troops... Most historians agree that Lee did not intend to attack when they lived and died and where they buried...
St Joseph Cathedral Sioux Falls Bulletin, Articles W